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JAʿFAR IBN ʿALĪ AL-DIMASHQĪ ON COMMUNITY, MONEY, AND PRUDENT MANAGEMENT IN TRADING AND SPENDING:

JAʿFAR IBN ʿALĪ AL-DIMASHQĪ ON COMMUNITY, MONEY, AND PRUDENT MANAGEMENT IN TRADING AND SPENDING:

FOUR EXCERPTS FROM HIS KITĀB AL-ISHĀRAT ILĀ MAḤĀSIN AL-TIJĀRAT

translated and transcribed by Adi Setia